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Per's funeral home

A Swedish web site where you can light a candle in memory of Per

Claes Johnson, Professor of Applied Mathematics KTH:


Per Enflo 1944 - 2026 - Mathematician and Pianist  >>   

Per Enflo on September 28 in the middle of the next step on the daily walk with his wife Lena in Östervåla Uppland, under inspection of plants on the ground in the spirit of Linné and with inspiration from the sky finally closing his constructive proof of the Invariant Subspace Problem for Hilbert Spaces, took a last breath sending a shock wave to family, friends and mathematical community. Per Enflo is certainly the most famous Swedish mathematician all times by having solved named major problems, also concert pianist expressing the true meaning of the music of Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and Chopin. Read more here >>

I svensk översättning

Claes Johnsons minnesord:


Per Enflo 1944–2026 – matematiker och pianist


Den 28 september, mitt under den dagliga promenaden med hustrun Lena i Östervåla i Uppland – där han i Linnés anda studerade växter på marken och hämtade inspiration från himlen – drog Per Enflo sitt sista andetag. Nyheten sände en chockvåg genom familj, vänner och det matematiska samfundet. Per Enflo är utan tvekan tidernas mest kända svenska matematiker, då han löst flera stora, namngivna problem; han var också konsertpianist och förmedlade den sanna innebörden i musiken av Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert och Chopin.


Jag träffade Per första gången under min tid som postdoktor (1974–76) vid matematiska institutionen på University of Chicago. Han var då funktionalanalysens nya stjärnskott och eftertraktad av alla stora universitet, sedan han löst ett av områdets centrala öppna problem – formulerat av dess grundare Stefan Banach på 1930-talet. Lösningen, ett motexempel till approximationsproblemet i Banachrum, presenterades i en nio sidor lång artikel i *Acta Mathematica* 1973 och tog matematikvärlden med storm. Se gärna dokumentärfilmen om Banach, där Per spelar huvudrollen (och jag har en liten biroll), samt Pers hemsida.


År 1981 följde han upp med ett motexempel till problemet om invarianta underrum i Banachrum – en artikel på 101 sidor som publicerades i *Acta Mathematica* efter en granskningsprocess på sex år – för att fyrtio år senare återvända till fallet med Hilbertrum och presentera en explicit konstruktion av ett invariant underrum.


Det dröjde 43 år innan vi sågs igen – i Stockholm 2008, då Per återförenats med sin ungdomskärlek Lena och flyttat hem till Sverige efter 25 år i USA. Han bjöd in mig och min fru Ingrid till en konsert där han spelade i en pianotrio i Mazer-sällskapets regi. Vi fann varandra omedelbart och inledde en tjugoårig vänskap – som även omfattade våra fruar – präglad av musik, matematik och kärlek. Det är mycket sorgligt att Per, med sin vänliga personlighet och fantastiska begåvning, inte längre finns ibland oss. Inom det svenska matematiska samfundet delade vi upplevelsen av att stå utanför det vanliga – en särskild gemenskap.

Per var en mästare på konstruktiv matematik; han kunde konstruera ett invariant underrum för varje kontinuerlig linjär operator T i ett Hilbert-rum H genom att skapa en följd av vektorer som konvergerade mot en vektor där upprepad tillämpning av T inte spände upp H, och därmed bildade ett invariant underrum. Per var också en mästare på konstruktivt musicerande – en förening av kropp/hand och själ/sinne – med förmågan att på stående fot transponera vilket notblad som helst till vilken tonart som helst. Vi kunde mötas i praktisk, konstruktiv matematik och pianospel, men också i högtflygande spekulationer – utan att någonsin hamna i konflikt.


Den 8 och 26 september skakades det matematiska samfundet av en ny våg från OpenAI: konstruktiva bevis för att lösningarna till Navier-Stokes-ekvationerna (167 sidor) och Euler-ekvationerna (57 sidor) ”blåser upp” (går mot oändligheten), framtagna av AI.

 

Per uttryckte att han haft tur som sluppit möta denna till synes formidabla konkurrens tidigare – en AI som kan konstruera bevis på hur många sidor som helst, långt bortom vad mänskliga matematiker kan greppa. Per kunde därmed lämna jordelivet för matematikens himmel utan att hans världsbild raserats; han gjorde det med sitt sedvanliga, glada ”det går ju också bra” och med sitt musikaliska arv fullbordat i form av 15 CD-skivor på Spotify.

28 September 2026.


The Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute (IMI) is deeply saddened by the passing of Professor Per H. Enflo. A mathematician of exceptional originality and international stature, Per was appointed Honorary Professor of the IMI in 2023 and maintained close ties with the Institute through his collaborations with several of its members.


His landmark contributions to functional analysis, including his celebrated work on the invariant subspace problem and other longstanding questions in Banach space theory, have shaped decades of research. His work stands as a testament to the power of independent thought, perseverance, and a willingness to explore beyond established approaches. His legacy extends far beyond the problems he resolved: his ideas continue to inspire new work and open new directions of research, not only in mathematics but also across many other fields of science.


For those of us who had the privilege of knowing and working with Per, this loss is also deeply personal. Alongside his extraordinary mathematical achievements, we will remember the conversations, the ideas we exchanged, and the friendship we shared. We are grateful for the time we had with him and for all that he contributed to our academic community. His presence will be deeply missed, and his influence will endure in the work and lives of those he inspired.


We extend our heartfelt condolences to his family, friends, colleagues, and former students, and join them in remembering him with affection, gratitude, and profound respect.
The world has lost an extraordinary mathematician, and we have lost a dear friend.


Gustavo A. Muñoz Fernández and Juan B. Seoane Sepúlveda

https://www.ucm.es/imi/news



  • Per Enflo (b. 1944) is a Swedish mathematician working primarily in functional analysis, a field in which he solved several fundamental problems. Three of these problems had been open for more than forty years: The Basis Problem, The Approximation Problem and The Invariant Subspace Problem for Banach Spaces.
  • In solving these problems, Enflo developed new concepts and techniques, which were then used by other researchers in several mathematical fields, in algebra, number theory, classical and functional analysis, operator theory and in computer science, especially computer algebra and approximation algorithms. (see Wikipedia)


  • Per Enflo is also a renowned concert pianist, who has been concertizing for almost 70 years on five continents. Numerous recent recordings as soloist, soloist with orchestras, chamber musician and accompanist may be mentioned as well as a critic-acclaimed duo recital in Carnegie Hall, NY, with violinist Hristo Popov.


  • Enflo worked at Kent State University [1989-2012] where he held the title of University Professor. Enflo held earlier positions at the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science at the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, Ecole Polytechnique, (Paris) and The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.


Recent music online


  • R. Schumann: Piano Concerto in A minor, Op.54 | Per Enflo - Simeonov - Filarmonica Oltenia Craiova, 2025,
    > Video youtube <


  • Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 1, C-dur | Per Enflo - Simeonov - Filharmonica Oltenia Craiova, 2023 > CD youtube <


  • Beethoven last piano sonata, Strömstad Academy's Scientific Festival 2021 >Video youtube<


  • Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin: Exceptional piano concert by Per Enflo. It took place on September 6, 2019 in Krakow, Kijow Cinema. The concert was one of the social events of Jubilee Congress of Polish Mathematicians on the 100th Anniversary of Polish Mathematical Society >Video youtube<

    Calendar 2026


    Cafékväll på Älvåsa 1 juli

    Intervju och musik


    Solrosen Östervåla,lunchkonsert 17 juni

    LÄTTA KLASSIKER


    Equmeniakyrkan Östervåla 30 maj

    samma program som i Vadstena


    Vätternkyrkan Vadstena, 23 april

    Haydn Sonat i F-dur, Hob.XVI:23

    Chopin Fyra etyder, Op. 10:3, 12 (Skymning, Revolutionsetyden)

    Op. 25:2, 5 (Biet, Den felaktiga noten)

    Debussy Tre preludier; Den sjunkna katedralen, Flickan med

    linhåret, Gatumusikanter

    Beethoven Sonat i C-dur, op. 53 (Waldstein)


    _____________

    Calendar 2025


    Concerts in Bulgaria and Romania in October 2025

    Robert Schumann Piano Concerto in a minor, Op. 54 and Mozart Piano Concerto No.14, KV 449



    The 47th Summer Symposium in Real Analysis

    June 16-20 2025, Complutense University of Madrid >>

    • The Real Analysis Exchange Website >>
    • The "Andy" 2025 >>


    Årsmöte Svenska Matematikersamfundet

    Annual meeting May 5 2025 Stockholm >>

    • Distinguished Lecture: Construction of Invariant Subpaces for Operators on Hilbert Space


    ___________

    Calendar 2024


    Nordic Mini-Conference in Algebra, Analysis, and Geometry >>

    November 6–8, 2024, MDU (Mälardalen University , Sweden)



    Virginia Operator Theory and Complex Analysis Meeting on October 26, 2024  >>

    • Lectures in UVa, Charlottesville, VOTCAM 2024, Richmond, and Piano Recital October 25th 8 PM, Perkinson Recital Hall, University of Richmond



    Visiting Speaker to the UK - June 3 to June 14 2024 >>

    • Wednesday, June 5 at 3:00 PM: Seminar at UCL (University College London)
    • Thursday, June 6 at 4:30 PM: Seminar at Oxford 
    • Tuesday, June 11 at 4:00 PM: Piano recital at Reading 
    • Wednesday, June 12 at 12 PM: Seminar at Reading



    Copenhagen, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen 2024

    • Special Analysis Lecture Wednesday, April17 >>   
    • Piano Recital, Thursday, April 18 >>



    Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, A Few Lines on Per Enflo’s Works >>

    This book is dedicated to Professor Per. H. Enflo, who made significant contributions to functional analysis and operator theory



    ON THE INVARIANT SUBSPACE PROBLEM IN HILBERT SPACES, PER H. ENFLO

    Online: click here >> arXiv:2305.15442 [pdf,ps,other]

    [Submitted on 24 May 2023 (v1), last revised 6 Apr 2024 (this version, v2)]


    ________________

    Calendar 2023


    Craiova, Romania, the 20th October 2023, Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Concert Concert no. 1 in C major for piano and orchestra, op. 15 with Filarmonica ”Oltenia” Craiova, director Svilen Simeonov

    "Invited to participate as a soloist in the Concert no. 1 in C major for piano and orchestra, op. 15 of Ludwig van Beethoven was Per Enflo. A Swede settled in the United States, this respectable gentleman is not only a pianist so good that he has touched all the meridians of the world with his art, but also a renowned mathematician. Yes, mathematician. Two fields that seem so far apart, but which, at the highest level, approach asymptotically. Let us think only of Pythagoras and the sacred importance he attached to music. Per Enflo has not only a remarkable destiny, but also a long-lasting one, which I wish twice as long.

    At 80, he still has the energy to let himself be swept up in the gaiety of Beethoven's composition with the enthusiasm of a toddler (until his piece began, he seemed to be struggling to resist the temptation to touch the keyboard). What is the secret of such a zest for life at such an advanced age? But perhaps that is not the question, but the answer. With his lordship's permission, I will also draw a parallel between the way he crossed his hands on the piano keys and the way of multiplying the means and extremes of a proportion.

    Photos by my friend Daniel Botea, who, although he is incredibly old, enjoyed the same as me, like a child that is, all the wonders that the concert offered.

    Autor: Iris Gottlieb



    Valencia, Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Universidad de Valencia

    • WORKSHOP ON FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, November 16th 2023 >>
    • YouTube >>


    Colloquium Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University  September 13th 2023 >>


    Helsinki, IWOTA 2023, University of Helsinki >>

    July 31 - August 4, 34th International Workshop on Operator Theory and its Applications,

    • Semi-plenary session Tuesday August 1st
    • Concert August 3rd Conference Dinner 

    Calendar 2022


    A history of solving some famous problems in mathematical analysis

    • P H ENFLO
      Department of Mathematical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA and
      Instituto de Matemática Interdisciplinar, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
    • M S MOSLEHIAN
      Department of Pure Mathematics, Center of Excellence in Analysis on Algebraic Structures (CEAAS), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
      J B SEOANE-SEPÚLVEDA
      Instituto de Matemática Interdisciplinar (IMI), Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Departamento de Análisis Matemático y Matemática Aplicada, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
    • This paper provides a historical view of what functional analysis is, a biography of Per H. Enflo and a short view of four fundamental problems in the geometry of Banach spaces.


    It gives the story of how Enflo, after several years of work, managed to solve three of these problems. It is a story of trying many ideas, testing them on simpler problems, trying to combine different techniques for handling different aspects of the problems, making many failed attempts and finally succeeding.


    In 1966 Enflo found a general strategy for solving many problems in infinite dimensions, by combining appropriate finite-dimensional techniques with induction procedures. When applied to the old, fundamental problems in functional analysis, this has led to new concepts, problems, techniques and results in analysis. These developments have been applied also in several other areas of mathematics and computer science.

    • "An infinite-dimensional version of Hilbert's fifth problem with connections to non-linear geometry of Banach spaces"

      Lecture December 2021 Slides >> to Holiday Lecture by Per Enflo via Zoom - Jani Virtanen (Reading and Helsinki) & Håkan Hedenmalm (KTH and Reading)

    Mathematics >>         Music >>        Interviews & Reviews >>

    Per Enflo - mathematician and concert pianist -

    was the last laureate of a prize for solving scientific problem from the Scottish Book.


    Invariant Subspace Problem in Hilbert Spaces:

    Exploring Applications in Quantum Mechanics, Control Theory, Operator Algebras, Functional Analysis and Accelerator Physics - Mostafa Behtouei arXiv:2306.17023

    "Per H. Enflo’s recent claim of solving the invariant subspace problem in his recent publication titled ”On the invariant subspace problem in Hilbert spaces.” [4] has generated excitement and anticipation in the mathematical community, as his work could represent a major breakthrough in the field. Enflo’s solution, if validated,would be a groundbreaking achievement in mathematics, resolving a longstanding problem and advancing our understanding of bounded linear operators on Hilbert spaces. Its impact would be significant and far-reaching." From: Mostafa Behtouei, 29 Jun 2023


    When did you make the decision to go into math instead of music?

    I have never made, and will never make, any such decision


    • "Mathematics and Music - What is the connection?"
      Lecture >> 31 August 2021, Science Festival Strömstad Academy Slides >
    • Beethoven last piano sonata Concert >> Strömstad Academy's Scientific Festival 2021


    • Mozart - Beethoven - Chopin Concert >>  Jubilee Congress of Polish Mathematicians on the 100th Anniversary of Polish Mathematical Society (2019, Krakow)


    • "An infinite-dimensional version of Hilbert's fifth problem with connections to non-linear geometry of Banach spaces"

      Lecture December 2021  Slides >> to Holiday Lecture by Per Enflo  via Zoom - Jani Virtanen (Reading and Helsinki) & Håkan Hedenmalm (KTH and Reading) 


    Updated August 26 2026 www.perenflo.com © 2011