
Per Enflo Math or Music?- Yes, Math AND Music!

A Swedish web site where you can light a candle in memory of Per
Claes Johnson, Professor of Applied Mathematics KTH:
Per Enflo on September 28 in the middle of the next step on the daily walk with his wife Lena in Östervåla Uppland, under inspection of plants on the ground in the spirit of Linné and with inspiration from the sky finally closing his constructive proof of the Invariant Subspace Problem for Hilbert Spaces, took a last breath sending a shock wave to family, friends and mathematical community. Per Enflo is certainly the most famous Swedish mathematician all times by having solved named major problems, also concert pianist expressing the true meaning of the music of Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and Chopin. Read more here >>
I svensk översättning
Claes Johnsons minnesord:
Per Enflo 1944–2026 – matematiker och pianist
Den 28 september, mitt under den dagliga promenaden med hustrun Lena i Östervåla i Uppland – där han i Linnés anda studerade växter på marken och hämtade inspiration från himlen – drog Per Enflo sitt sista andetag. Nyheten sände en chockvåg genom familj, vänner och det matematiska samfundet. Per Enflo är utan tvekan tidernas mest kända svenska matematiker, då han löst flera stora, namngivna problem; han var också konsertpianist och förmedlade den sanna innebörden i musiken av Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert och Chopin.
Jag träffade Per första gången under min tid som postdoktor (1974–76) vid matematiska institutionen på University of Chicago. Han var då funktionalanalysens nya stjärnskott och eftertraktad av alla stora universitet, sedan han löst ett av områdets centrala öppna problem – formulerat av dess grundare Stefan Banach på 1930-talet. Lösningen, ett motexempel till approximationsproblemet i Banachrum, presenterades i en nio sidor lång artikel i *Acta Mathematica* 1973 och tog matematikvärlden med storm. Se gärna dokumentärfilmen om Banach, där Per spelar huvudrollen (och jag har en liten biroll), samt Pers hemsida.
År 1981 följde han upp med ett motexempel till problemet om invarianta underrum i Banachrum – en artikel på 101 sidor som publicerades i *Acta Mathematica* efter en granskningsprocess på sex år – för att fyrtio år senare återvända till fallet med Hilbertrum och presentera en explicit konstruktion av ett invariant underrum.
Det dröjde 43 år innan vi sågs igen – i Stockholm 2008, då Per återförenats med sin ungdomskärlek Lena och flyttat hem till Sverige efter 25 år i USA. Han bjöd in mig och min fru Ingrid till en konsert där han spelade i en pianotrio i Mazer-sällskapets regi. Vi fann varandra omedelbart och inledde en tjugoårig vänskap – som även omfattade våra fruar – präglad av musik, matematik och kärlek. Det är mycket sorgligt att Per, med sin vänliga personlighet och fantastiska begåvning, inte längre finns ibland oss. Inom det svenska matematiska samfundet delade vi upplevelsen av att stå utanför det vanliga – en särskild gemenskap.
Per var en mästare på konstruktiv matematik; han kunde konstruera ett invariant underrum för varje kontinuerlig linjär operator T i ett Hilbert-rum H genom att skapa en följd av vektorer som konvergerade mot en vektor där upprepad tillämpning av T inte spände upp H, och därmed bildade ett invariant underrum. Per var också en mästare på konstruktivt musicerande – en förening av kropp/hand och själ/sinne – med förmågan att på stående fot transponera vilket notblad som helst till vilken tonart som helst. Vi kunde mötas i praktisk, konstruktiv matematik och pianospel, men också i högtflygande spekulationer – utan att någonsin hamna i konflikt.
Den 8 och 26 september skakades det matematiska samfundet av en ny våg från OpenAI: konstruktiva bevis för att lösningarna till Navier-Stokes-ekvationerna (167 sidor) och Euler-ekvationerna (57 sidor) ”blåser upp” (går mot oändligheten), framtagna av AI.
Per uttryckte att han haft tur som sluppit möta denna till synes formidabla konkurrens tidigare – en AI som kan konstruera bevis på hur många sidor som helst, långt bortom vad mänskliga matematiker kan greppa. Per kunde därmed lämna jordelivet för matematikens himmel utan att hans världsbild raserats; han gjorde det med sitt sedvanliga, glada ”det går ju också bra” och med sitt musikaliska arv fullbordat i form av 15 CD-skivor på Spotify.
28 September 2026.
The Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute (IMI) is deeply saddened by the passing of Professor Per H. Enflo. A mathematician of exceptional originality and international stature, Per was appointed Honorary Professor of the IMI in 2023 and maintained close ties with the Institute through his collaborations with several of its members.
His landmark contributions to functional analysis, including his celebrated work on the invariant subspace problem and other longstanding questions in Banach space theory, have shaped decades of research. His work stands as a testament to the power of independent thought, perseverance, and a willingness to explore beyond established approaches. His legacy extends far beyond the problems he resolved: his ideas continue to inspire new work and open new directions of research, not only in mathematics but also across many other fields of science.
For those of us who had the privilege of knowing and working with Per, this loss is also deeply personal. Alongside his extraordinary mathematical achievements, we will remember the conversations, the ideas we exchanged, and the friendship we shared. We are grateful for the time we had with him and for all that he contributed to our academic community. His presence will be deeply missed, and his influence will endure in the work and lives of those he inspired.
We extend our heartfelt condolences to his family, friends, colleagues, and former students, and join them in remembering him with affection, gratitude, and profound respect.
The world has lost an extraordinary mathematician, and we have lost a dear friend.
Gustavo A. Muñoz Fernández and Juan B. Seoane Sepúlveda
Recent music online
Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin: Exceptional piano concert by Per Enflo. It took place on September 6, 2019 in Krakow, Kijow Cinema. The concert was one of the social events of Jubilee Congress of Polish Mathematicians on the 100th Anniversary of Polish Mathematical Society >Video youtube<

Calendar 2026
Cafékväll på Älvåsa 1 juli
Solrosen Östervåla,lunchkonsert 17 juni
LÄTTA KLASSIKER
Equmeniakyrkan Östervåla 30 maj
samma program som i Vadstena
Vätternkyrkan Vadstena, 23 april
Haydn Sonat i F-dur, Hob.XVI:23
Chopin Fyra etyder, Op. 10:3, 12 (Skymning, Revolutionsetyden)
Op. 25:2, 5 (Biet, Den felaktiga noten)
Debussy Tre preludier; Den sjunkna katedralen, Flickan med
linhåret, Gatumusikanter
Beethoven Sonat i C-dur, op. 53 (Waldstein)
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Calendar 2025
Concerts in Bulgaria and Romania in October 2025
Robert Schumann Piano Concerto in a minor, Op. 54 and Mozart Piano Concerto No.14, KV 449
The 47th Summer Symposium in Real Analysis
June 16-20 2025, Complutense University of Madrid >>
Årsmöte Svenska Matematikersamfundet
Annual meeting May 5 2025 Stockholm >>
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Calendar 2024
Nordic Mini-Conference in Algebra, Analysis, and Geometry >>
November 6–8, 2024, MDU (Mälardalen University , Sweden)
Virginia Operator Theory and Complex Analysis Meeting on October 26, 2024 >>
Visiting Speaker to the UK - June 3 to June 14 2024 >>
Copenhagen, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen 2024
Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, A Few Lines on Per Enflo’s Works >>
This book is dedicated to Professor Per. H. Enflo, who made significant contributions to functional analysis and operator theory
ON THE INVARIANT SUBSPACE PROBLEM IN HILBERT SPACES, PER H. ENFLO
Online: click here >> arXiv:2305.15442 [pdf,ps,other]
[Submitted on 24 May 2023 (v1), last revised 6 Apr 2024 (this version, v2)]
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Calendar 2023
Craiova, Romania, the 20th October 2023, Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Concert Concert no. 1 in C major for piano and orchestra, op. 15 with Filarmonica ”Oltenia” Craiova, director Svilen Simeonov
"Invited to participate as a soloist in the Concert no. 1 in C major for piano and orchestra, op. 15 of Ludwig van Beethoven was Per Enflo. A Swede settled in the United States, this respectable gentleman is not only a pianist so good that he has touched all the meridians of the world with his art, but also a renowned mathematician. Yes, mathematician. Two fields that seem so far apart, but which, at the highest level, approach asymptotically. Let us think only of Pythagoras and the sacred importance he attached to music. Per Enflo has not only a remarkable destiny, but also a long-lasting one, which I wish twice as long.
At 80, he still has the energy to let himself be swept up in the gaiety of Beethoven's composition with the enthusiasm of a toddler (until his piece began, he seemed to be struggling to resist the temptation to touch the keyboard). What is the secret of such a zest for life at such an advanced age? But perhaps that is not the question, but the answer. With his lordship's permission, I will also draw a parallel between the way he crossed his hands on the piano keys and the way of multiplying the means and extremes of a proportion.
Photos by my friend Daniel Botea, who, although he is incredibly old, enjoyed the same as me, like a child that is, all the wonders that the concert offered.
Autor: Iris Gottlieb
Valencia, Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Universidad de Valencia
Colloquium Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University September 13th 2023 >>
Helsinki, IWOTA 2023, University of Helsinki >>
July 31 - August 4, 34th International Workshop on Operator Theory and its Applications,
Calendar 2022
A history of solving some famous problems in mathematical analysis
It gives the story of how Enflo, after several years of work, managed to solve three of these problems. It is a story of trying many ideas, testing them on simpler problems, trying to combine different techniques for handling different aspects of the problems, making many failed attempts and finally succeeding.
In 1966 Enflo found a general strategy for solving many problems in infinite dimensions, by combining appropriate finite-dimensional techniques with induction procedures. When applied to the old, fundamental problems in functional analysis, this has led to new concepts, problems, techniques and results in analysis. These developments have been applied also in several other areas of mathematics and computer science.
"An infinite-dimensional version of Hilbert's fifth problem with connections to non-linear geometry of Banach spaces"
Lecture December 2021 Slides >> to Holiday Lecture by Per Enflo via Zoom - Jani Virtanen (Reading and Helsinki) & Håkan Hedenmalm (KTH and Reading)Mathematics >> Music >> Interviews & Reviews >>
Per Enflo - mathematician and concert pianist -
was the last laureate of a prize for solving scientific problem from the Scottish Book.
Invariant Subspace Problem in Hilbert Spaces:
Exploring Applications in Quantum Mechanics, Control Theory, Operator Algebras, Functional Analysis and Accelerator Physics - Mostafa Behtouei arXiv:2306.17023
"Per H. Enflo’s recent claim of solving the invariant subspace problem in his recent publication titled ”On the invariant subspace problem in Hilbert spaces.” [4] has generated excitement and anticipation in the mathematical community, as his work could represent a major breakthrough in the field. Enflo’s solution, if validated,would be a groundbreaking achievement in mathematics, resolving a longstanding problem and advancing our understanding of bounded linear operators on Hilbert spaces. Its impact would be significant and far-reaching." From: Mostafa Behtouei, 29 Jun 2023
When did you make the decision to go into math instead of music?
I have never made, and will never make, any such decision
"An infinite-dimensional version of Hilbert's fifth problem with connections to non-linear geometry of Banach spaces"
Lecture December 2021 Slides >> to Holiday Lecture by Per Enflo via Zoom - Jani Virtanen (Reading and Helsinki) & Håkan Hedenmalm (KTH and Reading)Updated August 26 2026 www.perenflo.com © 2011